Biomaterial-Assisted Detection of Cancer Stem Cell Markers for Early Cancer Diagnosis

Abstract

Cancer stem cells are a small population of cells present within tumors. These cells play an important role in tumor initiation, progression, and metastasis. It also shows strong resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Due to these properties, cancer stem cells are considered important targets for early cancer diagnosis and prognosis. However, their detection is difficult because they are present in very low numbers and show high heterogeneity. Traditional diagnostic methods are often not sufficient to detect these cells accurately. This review focuses on the role of biomaterial assisted platforms for the detection of cancer stem cell markers. Biomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and hydrogels have gained attention due to their unique properties. These materials provide a high surface area and improved signal response. This helps in the efficient capture and detection of cancer stem cells. Different nanomaterial based platforms are discussed in this review. These include optical systems, electrochemical systems, and hybrid platforms. These approaches allow sensitive and specific detection of important cancer stem cell markers such as CD44, CD133, ALDH1, and EpCAM. The review also describes various biosensing strategies used for detection. These include surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence based methods, and aptamer or antibody mediated techniques. These methods support real time analysis and non-invasive diagnosis. In addition, the importance of surface engineering and functionalization techniques is discussed. These approaches improve target specificity and enhance detection efficiency. Despite recent progress, several challenges still remain. The heterogeneity of cancer stem cells makes detection complex. Surface fouling can affect accuracy and some biomaterials show toxicity. Clinical translation of these platforms is also limited. Addressing these challenges is important for developing reliable and reproducible diagnostic tools. Biomaterial assisted detection platforms show strong potential for early cancer diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies.