Human Papillomavirus Associated Oral Cancer Epidemiology and Public Health Implications

Abstract

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is an important etiological factor in head and neck cancer. Its role is particularly well established in HPV-associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Persistent infection with high-risk HPV types, especially HPV16, can contribute to malignant transformation by disrupting important cellular regulatory pathways. The epidemiology of oral and oropharyngeal HPV infection differs across populations. Sexual behavior, tobacco exposure, and demographic characteristics can influence infection patterns. HPV is also detected in oral cavity cancers. However, its direct causal role in oral cancer remains less certain than its established role in oropharyngeal cancer. Recent studies have reported considerable geographical differences in HPV prevalence and genotype distribution. These findings highlight the need for standardized detection methods and reliable population-based surveillance. HPV vaccination provides an important opportunity for prevention. Studies have reported a lower prevalence of vaccine-type oral HPV among vaccinated populations. However, limited vaccine coverage and gaps in public awareness continue to affect prevention efforts. Combining HPV vaccination with oral health promotion and tobacco and alcohol control may help reduce the future burden of HPV-associated cancers. Further epidemiological and longitudinal studies are needed to better understand persistent oral HPV infection and its contribution to cancer development.