Infection Susceptibility and Clinical Burden in Patients with Acquired Immune Dysfunction

Abstract

Acquired immune dysfunction represents a critical clinical condition characterized by impaired immune response which leads to increased susceptibility to infections. Among the various causes, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection remains the most prominent and primarily targeting CD4⁺ T helper cells on disrupting both innate and adaptive immunity. This review outlines the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying immune suppression including viral-mediated cellular destruction, cytokine dysregulation, oxidative stress, and immune checkpoint alterations. The role of exosomes in facilitating viral dissemination and chronic inflammation is also highlighted. Furthermore, the article discusses a broad spectrum of opportunistic infections of bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic that contribute to morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Beyond HIV, other contributing factors such as malignancies, chemotherapy, corticosteroid use, biologic therapies, and chronic stress are explored in the context of secondary immune deficiency. The review also emphasizes the clinical burden associated with acquired immune dysfunction including recurrent infections, increased healthcare costs, and reduced quality of life. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for effective management and improved patient outcomes. This comprehensive overview provides insights into the mechanisms, complications, and broader implications of immune dysfunction in clinical practice.