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Abstract
The convergence of engineering biology and surgery has led to the development of bioelectronic medicine. This field uses electrical signals to diagnose monitor and treat physiological dysfunction. Bioelectronic medicine now plays an important role across the perioperative continuum. This narrative review examines how bioelectronic technologies are transforming modern surgical practice. It outlines the fundamental principles of bioelectronic surgical devices. Special emphasis is given to intraoperative neuromonitoring for neural protection. The review also discusses tissue identification using electrical stimulation. Haptic feedback systems are highlighted as solutions to the loss of tactile sensation in robotic surgery. The integration of bioelectronic tools into robotic platforms enhances surgical precision. Bioelectronic assisted interfaces such as augmented reality and wearable sensors provide improved control and situational awareness for surgeons. These technologies support safer and more efficient intraoperative decision making. The review further explores the expanding role of bioelectronics in minimally invasive surgery. Neuromodulation techniques for postoperative pain management are discussed. Continuous physiological monitoring of organ function is also reviewed. A major focus is placed on the transition toward advanced postoperative care. Patient specific physiological profiling is becoming increasingly important. Adaptive closed loop systems capable of autonomous drug delivery and electrical stimulation are emerging as new standards. Finally, the review discusses the future of precision surgery. Emphasis is placed on implantable wireless devices. AI enhanced decision support systems are highlighted. Biohybrid regenerative interfaces are also explored. This review provides clinicians and researchers with a comprehensive overview of how bioelectronic technologies are reshaping surgical outcomes and improving patient recovery.