Vol. 1 No. 3 (2024): Vol1, Iss3, 2024
Case Reports

New-Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Following Hepatitis B Vaccination: Case Report and Review of Vaccine-Induced Autoimmune Mechanisms

Safdar Ali
Southern Cross Health Society, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.
Elizabeth Caroline Palaparthi
Prime West Consortium, Shasta Regional Medical Center, 3480 E. Guasti Road, Ontario, CA 91761, United States.

Published 2024-11-20

Keywords

  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus; Hepatitis B; Autoimmune.

Abstract

While vaccinations are critical for preventing viral infections, several reports have documented autoimmune conditions following immunization. We present a case of new-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) that occurred after Hepatitis B vaccination. A 42-year-old African American woman presented with polyuria, polydipsia, and unintended weight loss two months after receiving a Hepatitis B vaccine. Initial laboratory analysis showed a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of 9.8%, along with elevated titers of anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65) antibodies. The patient was initiated on insulin therapy and remains under glycemic control. Potential mechanisms for T1DM post-vaccination include autoimmune activation triggered by molecular mimicry and inflammatory responses. Though rare, this case underscores the importance of timely screening for hyperglycemia in patients with new-onset symptoms following vaccination. This case highlights the need for awareness of immune-related adverse events following vaccinations. Early recognition and management are key to minimizing long-term complications.